Products

Programs P1–P4

Four complementary programs covering working and backup linings, insulation, and the energy efficiency of existing plants.

Dry-pressed unfired products (CAC bonded)

Refractory products dry-pressed and bonded with calcium-aluminate cement — with no high-temperature firing.

  • Firebricks for stove and furnace combustion chambers
  • Dry-pressed chamotte chamber element for Fröling biomass boilers (currently under testing at the IMS Institute)
  • Plates and blocks for backup lining
  • Serial reference: MABER (Milan Blagojević Smederevo)

Precast elements from refractory castables (CC/LCC)

Precast elements made from conventional (CC) or low-cement (LCC) castables. Self-flow is a separate placement property and is not implied by the LCC classification.

  • Precast combustion chambers
  • Industrial furnace linings
  • Refractory castables already supplied to thermal power plants (TPP Gacko, TPP Ugljevik, Beogradske elektrane)

Insulating diatomite bricks

Lightweight diatomite insulation bricks for engineered layers behind the refractory safety layer.

  • Thermal insulation position behind the working lining
  • Completes the system offer as a package with P1 and P2

Emisshield high-emissivity coatings (HEC)

Distribution and controlled application of high-emissivity ceramic coatings, supported by measurements and a site-specific energy balance. Technology provenance and application limits are stated only against current manufacturer documentation.

  • Raises lining emissivity from ~0.4 to 0.85–0.95
  • Service temperature up to ~1,700 °C
  • Temperature and chemical compatibility are checked for the substrate and operating regime
  • Energy savings are not fixed: they require baseline measurement and post-application reporting
  • Service life and payback depend on the process, substrate preparation and maintenance regime
  • Relevant reference applications are supplied with the technical proposal where applicable

Target markets

Steel (HBIS Smederevo)Power generation (EPS)District heatingWaste incinerationGlass / ceramics / brickBiomass boilers

VOLCANO ENGINEERING

Material is a component. The engineering outcome is a system that works.

We connect site condition, failure mechanism, lining layers, data sheets, quantities and execution method into one verifiable technical workflow.

E01

What is actually happening at the position?

Survey and input data

We review the process, geometry, operating history, images, drawings and available records; an on-site or drone survey is arranged where required.

  • existing-condition record
  • input-data register
  • marked areas of interest
E02

Why did the existing solution lose function?

Failure-mechanism diagnosis

We separate thermal, chemical, abrasion and mechanical duty from geometry, joint, anchoring, installation and initial heat-up issues.

  • defect map
  • working cause hypothesis
  • verification priorities
E03

Which layer and detail assembly matches the duty?

Lining-system concept

We define the hot-face and refractory safety layers, calculated insulation, joints, anchoring, installation method and critical transitions.

  • lining-system section
  • position specification
  • material and TDS schedule
E04

How is the solution converted into controlled site work?

Detailing and execution

We prepare quantities, phases, precast shapes, hold points and instructions for mixing, installation, curing, dry-out and initial heat-up.

  • bill of quantities
  • method statement
  • inspection and heat-up plan
E05

How is the work evidenced and the next cycle monitored?

Verification and life cycle

We document hold points, deviations, installed grades and final condition, creating a baseline for repeat comparison where surveys are commissioned.

  • quality-control record
  • as-built documentation
  • inspection and maintenance plan

Explore Volcano Engineering

Volcano technical navigator

Find a material by type, temperature and position

An engineering view of the range: from hot-face linings to insulation, joints and maintenance.

31selected grades 2.000 °Chighest catalogue value 7material groups

POSITION IN THE SYSTEM

A lining works as a system, not as a single product

From the process side outward, the refractory hot-face lining is followed by a refractory safety layer. One, two or three insulation layers are then selected by thermal calculation, with the steel shell on the cold face.

LINING THERMAL SCANNER ACTIVE · 01/06
PROCESS · HOT SIDECOLD SIDE
1.600 °Cprocess
01
Refractory hot-face liningTakes direct thermal, chemical and mechanical process duty.

The number, grade and thickness of insulation layers are set by thermal calculation.

ZVEZDA® · gusti beton

ZVEZDA®-4

Conventional hydraulically bonded aluminosilicate castable for monolithic sections and local repairs at moderate temperatures; position-specific selection must consider abrasion, atmosphere and heat-up regime.

Service limit
1200 °C
Catalogue maximum
1250 °C
Density
1,80 t/m³
Grain size
0–6 mm
Installation
Casting and vibration
Engineering data
Classification
Dense hydraulically bonded castable
Confirm in TDS
water addition · consistency · CCS · PLC · dry-out schedule
Hot-face lining Data sheet
ZVEZDA® · gusti beton

ZVEZDA®-5

Dense hydraulically bonded castable for general industrial hot-face linings; the final specification must define mixing water, consolidation, curing and initial heat-up.

Service limit
1250 °C
Catalogue maximum
1300 °C
Density
1,80 t/m³
Grain size
0–6 mm
Installation
Casting and vibration
Engineering data
Classification
Dense hydraulically bonded castable
Confirm in TDS
water addition · consistency · CCS · PLC · dry-out schedule
Hot-face lining Data sheet
ZVEZDA® · gusti beton

ZVEZDA®-6

Aluminosilicate castable for medium-temperature hot-face duty, subject to verification against the prevailing chemical and mechanical wear mechanism.

Service limit
1300 °C
Catalogue maximum
1350 °C
Density
1,90 t/m³
Grain size
0–6 mm
Installation
Casting and vibration
Engineering data
Classification
Dense hydraulically bonded castable
Confirm in TDS
water addition · consistency · CCS · PLC · dry-out schedule
Hot-face lining Data sheet
ZVEZDA® · gusti beton

ZVEZDA®-7

Dense higher-temperature monolithic castable for industrial linings exposed to combined thermal and mechanical loading.

Service limit
1440 °C
Catalogue maximum
1550 °C
Density
1,90 t/m³
Grain size
0–6 mm
Installation
Casting and vibration
Engineering data
Classification
Dense hydraulically bonded castable
Confirm in TDS
water addition · consistency · CCS · PLC · dry-out schedule
Hot-face lining Data sheet
ZVEZDA® · gusti beton

ZVEZDA®-8

Dense refractory castable for high-temperature hot-face linings; suitability must be confirmed against the corrosive medium, thermal cycling and anchoring geometry.

Service limit
1500 °C
Catalogue maximum
1600 °C
Density
2,45 t/m³
Grain size
0–6 mm
Installation
Casting and vibration
Engineering data
Classification
Dense hydraulically bonded castable
Confirm in TDS
water addition · consistency · CCS · PLC · dry-out schedule
Hot-face lining Data sheet
ZVEZDA® · gusti beton

ZVEZDA®-10

High-density castable for heavily loaded monolithic sections within the documented temperature range; design must address expansion joints, anchoring and controlled dry-out.

Service limit
1600 °C
Catalogue maximum
1700 °C
Density
2,85 t/m³
Grain size
0–6 mm
Installation
Casting and vibration
Engineering data
Classification
Dense hydraulically bonded castable
Confirm in TDS
water addition · consistency · CCS · PLC · dry-out schedule
Hot-face lining Data sheet
ZVEZDA® · fini gusti beton

ZVEZDA®-13

Fine-grained grade for geometrically restricted and thinner monolithic sections; minimum thickness and consolidation method are defined by the position-specific instruction.

Service limit
1600 °C
Catalogue maximum
1700 °C
Density
2,85 t/m³
Grain size
0–1 mm
Installation
Casting and vibration
Engineering data
Classification
Dense hydraulically bonded castable
Confirm in TDS
water addition · consistency · CCS · PLC · dry-out schedule
Hot-face lining Data sheet
ZVEZDA® · gusti beton

ZVEZDA®-15

Highest documented temperature grade in the ZVEZDA range; selection cannot be based on temperature alone and must consider chemistry, loading and the expected failure mechanism.

Service limit
1650 °C
Catalogue maximum
1700 °C
Density
2,85 t/m³
Grain size
0–6 mm
Installation
Casting and vibration
Engineering data
Classification
Dense hydraulically bonded castable
Confirm in TDS
water addition · consistency · CCS · PLC · dry-out schedule
Hot-face lining Data sheet
OPAL® · izolacioni beton

OPAL®-AS

Lightweight hydraulically bonded insulating castable for cooler backup layers and reduced heat storage; thermal design must use TDS λ(T) and installed density.

Service limit
700 °C
Catalogue maximum
1050 °C
Density
0,60 t/m³
Grain size
0–6 mm
Installation
Insulating-layer casting
Engineering data
Classification
Lightweight insulating hydraulic castable
Confirm in TDS
installed density · λ(T) · shrinkage · dry-out
Insulation layer Data sheet
OPAL® · izolacioni beton

OPAL®-BS

Lightweight monolithic insulation for complex geometries and continuous backup linings; it is not an automatic substitute for insulating brick without a thermal calculation.

Service limit
900 °C
Catalogue maximum
1100 °C
Density
0,70 t/m³
Grain size
0–6 mm
Installation
Insulating-layer casting
Engineering data
Classification
Lightweight insulating hydraulic castable
Confirm in TDS
installed density · λ(T) · shrinkage · dry-out
Insulation layer Data sheet
OPAL® · izolacioni beton

OPAL®-DS

Higher-density insulating castable for backup layers requiring improved mechanical stability while controlling heat flow.

Service limit
1100 °C
Catalogue maximum
1200 °C
Density
1,40 t/m³
Grain size
0–6 mm
Installation
Insulating-layer casting
Engineering data
Classification
Lightweight insulating hydraulic castable
Confirm in TDS
installed density · λ(T) · shrinkage · dry-out
Insulation layer Data sheet
OPAL® · izolacioni beton

OPAL®-GS

Highest documented temperature grade in the OPAL range for insulating and backup monolithic layers; operating temperature must be checked across the complete lining profile.

Service limit
1150 °C
Catalogue maximum
1250 °C
Density
1,50 t/m³
Grain size
0–6 mm
Installation
Insulating-layer casting
Engineering data
Classification
Lightweight insulating hydraulic castable
Confirm in TDS
installed density · λ(T) · shrinkage · dry-out
Insulation layer Data sheet
K · torkret masa

K-1

Fine-grained gunning mix for local corrective work; repair quality depends on substrate preparation, nozzle water and rebound control.

Service limit
1200 °C
Catalogue maximum
1350 °C
Density
1,70 t/m³
Grain size
0–0,5 mm
Installation
Gunning application
Engineering data
Classification
Pneumatically installed gunning mix
Confirm in TDS
nozzle water · rebound · density · CCS · PLC
Maintenance and repair Data sheet
K · torkret masa

K-2

Hydraulically bonded fine gunning mix for rapid repairs, with mandatory definition of layer thickness, curing and return-to-service schedule.

Service limit
1250 °C
Catalogue maximum
1400 °C
Density
1,70 t/m³
Grain size
0–0,5 mm
Installation
Gunning application
Engineering data
Classification
Pneumatically installed gunning mix
Confirm in TDS
nozzle water · rebound · density · CCS · PLC
Maintenance and repair Data sheet
K · torkret masa

K-3

Gunning mix for soaking-pit repairs, including the archived hot-repair application; installation procedure and operator protection require a dedicated method statement.

Service limit
1500 °C
Catalogue maximum
1600 °C
Density
2,20 t/m³
Grain size
0–6 mm
Installation
Gunning application
Engineering data
Classification
Pneumatically installed gunning mix
Confirm in TDS
nozzle water · rebound · density · CCS · PLC
Maintenance and repair Data sheet
K · torkret masa

K-4

Fine-grained mix for corrective gunning of coke-oven refractory positions; compatibility with the existing lining must be confirmed before application.

Service limit
1200 °C
Catalogue maximum
1300 °C
Density
1,80 t/m³
Grain size
0–1 mm
Installation
Gunning application
Engineering data
Classification
Pneumatically installed gunning mix
Confirm in TDS
nozzle water · rebound · density · CCS · PLC
Maintenance and repair Data sheet
K · polusuva torkret masa

K-5

Semi-dry gunning mix for cupola-furnace positions; grain distribution, feed rate, nozzle water and achieved density must be controlled during installation.

Service limit
1500 °C
Catalogue maximum
1650 °C
Density
2,20 t/m³
Grain size
0–6 mm
Installation
Gunning application
Engineering data
Classification
Pneumatically installed gunning mix
Confirm in TDS
nozzle water · rebound · density · CCS · PLC
Maintenance and repair Data sheet
C · reparaturna masa

C-1

Fine-grained repair mix for patching cupola-furnace hot zones; substrate condition, working thickness and initial heat-up must be specified for each intervention.

Service limit
1450 °C
Catalogue maximum
1550 °C
Grain size
0–1 mm
Installation
Hand placement / coating
Engineering data
Classification
Repair mix / functional coating
Confirm in TDS
substrate preparation · thickness · adhesion · operating regime
Maintenance and repair Data sheet
C · reparaturna masa

C-4

Repair mix for gas- and liquid-fuel combustion chambers, subject to assessment of flame impact, atmosphere, thermal gradients and the existing lining.

Service limit
1500 °C
Catalogue maximum
1600 °C
Grain size
0–1 mm
Installation
Hand placement / coating
Engineering data
Classification
Repair mix / functional coating
Confirm in TDS
substrate preparation · thickness · adhesion · operating regime
Maintenance and repair Data sheet
C · funkcionalni premaz

C-7

Fine functional coating for heating-element supports according to the archived application; substrate preparation, coating thickness and electrical/thermal compatibility require position-specific confirmation.

Service limit
1800 °C
Catalogue maximum
2000 °C
Grain size
0–0,2 mm
Installation
Hand placement / coating
Engineering data
Classification
Repair mix / functional coating
Confirm in TDS
substrate preparation · thickness · adhesion · operating regime
Maintenance and repair Data sheet
Alumosilikatni malter

BT-1

Aluminosilicate mortar for thin-joint masonry using compatible fireclay and high-alumina grades; chemistry, bond and joint thickness must match the brick.

Service limit
1400 °C
Catalogue maximum
1500 °C
Grain size
0–1 mm
Al₂O₃
60%
Installation
Masonry jointing
Engineering data
Classification
Refractory mortar for thin joints
Confirm in TDS
bond type · grain size · joint thickness · brick compatibility
Joints and seams Data sheet
Hemijski vezani malter

KB-SPECIJAL

Chemically bonded aluminosilicate mortar for demanding joints; preparation, working time, joint thickness and initial heat-up must follow the current instruction.

Service limit
1450 °C
Catalogue maximum
1550 °C
Grain size
0–1 mm
Al₂O₃
50%
Installation
Masonry jointing
Engineering data
Classification
Refractory mortar for thin joints
Confirm in TDS
bond type · grain size · joint thickness · brick compatibility
Joints and seams Data sheet
PLASTIK · nabojna masa

PLASTIK-90

High-alumina chemically bonded plastic mix for rammed high-temperature hot-face sections; performance depends on compaction, construction-joint layout and initial heat-up.

Service limit
1700 °C
Catalogue maximum
1800 °C
Density
3,00 t/m³
Grain size
0–6 mm
Al₂O₃
90%
Installation
Ramming installation
Engineering data
Classification
Chemically bonded plastic ramming mix
Confirm in TDS
installation method · installed density · joints · heat-up
Hot-face lining Data sheet
PLASTIK · nabojna masa

PLASTIK-VA

Chemically bonded plastic ramming mix for archived applications in induction furnaces and non-ferrous metallurgy; compatibility with metal, slag and atmosphere must be confirmed for the process.

Service limit
1500 °C
Catalogue maximum
1600 °C
Density
2,40 t/m³
Grain size
0–4 mm
Al₂O₃
60%
Installation
Ramming installation
Engineering data
Classification
Chemically bonded plastic ramming mix
Confirm in TDS
installation method · installed density · joints · heat-up
Hot-face lining Data sheet
PORIT® · izolaciona opeka

PORIT® 8-135

Insulating firebrick for backup layers; thickness selection is based on heat-flow calculation, allowable shell temperature and layer loading.

Service limit
1350 °C
Density
0,80–0,85 g/cm³
Al₂O₃
18–20%
Installation
Masonry / dry setting
Engineering data
Classification
Shaped refractory product
Confirm in TDS
chemistry · porosity · CCS · RUL/PCE · shape and tolerances
Insulation layer Data sheet
PORIT® · izolaciona opeka

PORIT® 10-150

High-alumina insulating firebrick for higher-temperature backup layers; λ(T), shrinkage and compressive loading must be checked for the design lining profile.

Service limit
1550 °C
Density
1,20–1,25 g/cm³
Al₂O₃
58–60%
Installation
Masonry / dry setting
Engineering data
Classification
Shaped refractory product
Confirm in TDS
chemistry · porosity · CCS · RUL/PCE · shape and tolerances
Insulation layer Data sheet
SA · šamotna opeka

SA-0

Dense aluminosilicate fireclay brick for hot-face and structural positions in thermal units; the grade is specified by chemistry, porosity, CCS, refractoriness under load and shape.

Service limit
1420 °C
Density
2,10–2,12 g/cm³
Al₂O₃
42%
Installation
Masonry / dry setting
Engineering data
Classification
Shaped refractory product
Confirm in TDS
chemistry · porosity · CCS · RUL/PCE · shape and tolerances
Hot-face lining Data sheet
SA · šamotna opeka

SA-3

Fireclay brick for position-specific furnace, boiler and ceramic-unit linings; temperature designation does not replace assessment of atmosphere, abrasion and thermal cycling.

Service limit
1360 °C
Density
2,05–2,07 g/cm³
Al₂O₃
32%
Installation
Masonry / dry setting
Engineering data
Classification
Shaped refractory product
Confirm in TDS
chemistry · porosity · CCS · RUL/PCE · shape and tolerances
Hot-face lining Data sheet
SKO · kiselootporna opeka

SKO-D

Dense acid-resistant brick for flue ducts, industrial stacks and chemical-service positions; resistance must be confirmed for the specific medium, concentration, temperature and jointing system.

Service limit
1400 °C
Density
2,15–2,17 g/cm³
Al₂O₃
29–31%
Installation
Masonry / dry setting
Engineering data
Classification
Shaped refractory product
Confirm in TDS
chemistry · porosity · CCS · RUL/PCE · shape and tolerances
Hot-face lining Data sheet
VA · visokoaluminozna opeka

VA-60

Dense high-alumina brick for position-specific linings in metallurgy, cement, ceramics and glass; selection must account for slag, atmosphere and thermomechanical loading.

Service limit
1550 °C
Density
2,48–2,52 g/cm³
Al₂O₃
59–61%
Installation
Masonry / dry setting
Engineering data
Classification
Shaped refractory product
Confirm in TDS
chemistry · porosity · CCS · RUL/PCE · shape and tolerances
Hot-face lining Data sheet
VA · visokoaluminozna opeka

VA-70B

Higher-temperature high-alumina brick for hot-face linings; the specification must include porosity, CCS, RUL/PCE, tolerances and a compatible mortar.

Service limit
1600 °C
Density
2,52–2,54 g/cm³
Al₂O₃
69–71%
Installation
Masonry / dry setting
Engineering data
Classification
Shaped refractory product
Confirm in TDS
chemistry · porosity · CCS · RUL/PCE · shape and tolerances
Hot-face lining Data sheet

Specification note: Archived catalogue values are consolidated in catalogue Rev 02/2026. They are not guaranteed design values: final product class and grade selection, availability and the current TDS/DoP are confirmed against the position and operating conditions.

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REFRACTORY RANGE

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